How Piezoactuators Work?
Piezoelectricators are innovative devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical motion leveraging the unique properties of piezoelectric materials. These actuators widely used in various applications, from precision positioning systems in robotics to micro-manipulation in medical devices. ability to produce rapid and precise movements makes them ideal for tasks requiring high levels of accuracy and control. As technology advances the role of piezoelectric actuators continues to expand, offering exciting possibilities in numerous fields.
Crystal structure of a piezoelectric material called perovskite. Notice the off-center position of Titanium ion. That causes the material to elongate or contract under an electric field.
The piezoelectric effect is the foundation of piezo actuator technology. Discovered in 1880 by Pierre and Jacques Curie, this phenomenon occurs in certain crystalline materials, such as quartz, ceramics, and certain polymers. When these materials are subjected to mechanical stress, they generate an electric charge. Conversely, when an electric field is applied to these materials, they undergo mechanical deformation. This bidirectional relationship between mechanical and electrical states is the key principle behind the functioning of piezo actuators. This effect is caused by the asymmetry of the crystal structure. For example, in perovskite crystal, the titanium ion is not at the center of the cubic, therefore creating a dipole.
Initially, dipoles are oriented randomly in a piezoelectric crystal. In order to get a significant piezoelectric response, they need to be aligned more or less towards the same direction. This is done by subjecting the material to a strong electric field.
In order to get a significant response from the material, dipoles should be aligned towards the same direction by applying a strong electric field.
Piezo actuators typically consist of one or more layers of piezoelectric material sandwiched between electrodes. Multi layer piezo actuators provide more strain under the same voltage. These layers can be configured in various ways, including stacks, plates, or tubes, depending on the desired motion and application. The electrodes are connected to an external power source, allowing an electric field to be applied across the piezoelectric material.
Piezo actuators are a versatile and powerful technology that leverages the piezoelectric effect to achieve precise mechanical movements. Their high precision, fast response, and ability to generate significant forces make them indispensable in various high-tech applications. As research and development in piezoelectric materials and actuator design continue, we can expect to see even more advanced and innovative uses for piezo actuators in the future. Ulsis have experience in designing piezoelectric systems, you can collaborate with us for your innovative projects.